Amenorrhea The menstrual cycle is an important indicator of a female’s health. Disruptions of this cycle are common complaints seen by both women’s health and primary care providers. Amenorrhea is the absence of menses and can occur for a variety...

Female Genitourinary Assessment Focused female genitourinary assessment begins with taking a health history, while providing as much privacy as possible. Observe carefully for signs of pain or discomfort, and nonverbal cues such as guarding. Obtain consent for the examination...

IV Fluids IV fluids are utilized for resuscitation, to replace fluid losses, and for maintenance hydration in patients who are not able or not allowed to drink water. Like all prescribed medications, IV fluids have benefits and risks. Fluid therapy should...

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) refer to a variety of clinical syndromes and infections caused by pathogens that can be acquired and transmitted through sexual activity. STDs are very common; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention...

Urinary Incontinence Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine significant enough to be considered a problem. It is a very common and undertreated condition affecting up to 60% of adult women (Lukacz, 2024) and up to 34% of men aged 65 and older...