Amenorrhea The menstrual cycle is an important indicator of a female’s health. Disruptions of this cycle are common complaints seen by both women’s health and primary care providers. Amenorrhea is the absence of menses and can occur for a variety...

Breast Assessment Breast examination is an important aspect of the detection, diagnosis, and surveillance of breast diseases. Current guidelines for frequency of female clinical breast examination are outlined below. Patient reports of breast pain, lumps, nipple...

Female Genitourinary Assessment Focused female genitourinary assessment begins with taking a health history, while providing as much privacy as possible. Observe carefully for signs of pain or discomfort, and nonverbal cues such as guarding. Obtain consent for the examination...

Hormone Replacement Therapy for Menopause Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), refers to the use of estrogen or combined estrogen-progestin supplementation to treat symptoms associated with the loss of ovarian hormones during menopause...

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) refer to a variety of clinical syndromes and infections caused by pathogens that can be acquired and transmitted through sexual activity. STDs are very common; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention...

Urinary Incontinence Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine significant enough to be considered a problem. It is a very common and undertreated condition affecting up to 60% of adult women (Lukacz, 2024) and up to 34% of men aged 65 and older...