Amenorrhea The menstrual cycle is an important indicator of a female’s health. Disruptions of this cycle are common complaints seen by both women’s health and primary care providers. Amenorrhea is the absence of menses and can occur for a variety...

Assessing Fall Risk and Reducing Falls in the Elderly More than one in four American adults 65 years of age and older have reported falling and one in five sustain a severe fall-related injury, including fractures and traumatic brain injuries (CDC, 2021). Falls account for 56% of injury-related...

Discharge Planning for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus For patients with diabetes mellitus, effective discharge planning involves teaching patients the skills and knowledge needed to maintain blood glucose targets. The patient should be provided with a clear well-documented post discharge plan that is...

Hormone Replacement Therapy for Menopause Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), refers to the use of estrogen or combined estrogen-progestin supplementation to treat symptoms associated with the loss of ovarian hormones during menopause...

Managing Acute Diabetic Complications Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that can have very serious acute and life-threatening complications from hypo or hyperglycemia. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), an acute hyperglycemic crisis, is a common presentation for a new...

Managing Diabetes and Hyperglycemia in the Hospital Setting Hyperglycemia (blood glucose greater than 140 mg/dL [7.8 mmol/L]) is common in acutely ill patients with and without established diabetes and is strongly associated with poor hospital outcomes. For most inpatients, targeting a glucose...

Thyroid Emergencies Prompt recognition of thyroid emergencies is critical to decrease complications and mortality. Management requires both medical and supportive treatment provided in the critical care setting.

Understanding Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism The thyroid gland produces and secretes hormones that regulate metabolism and body temperature, as well as promote normal growth and development in children. Disorders of thyroid function are common in primary care and a contributing factor...

Understanding Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) and Diabetes Insipidus (DI) SIADH and DI are both disorders of water regulation affecting the activity or systemic release of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). ADH secretion is normally inhibited in response to water intake. In SIADH, ADH is not suppressed, resulting in water...