Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM) in St. Louis have surveyed oncologists to identify differences in physician attitudes and beliefs that may contribute to a gap in referrals to genetic counseling and testing between Black women and White women with breast cancer.
The breast cancer mortality rate is 41 percent higher for Black women than White women. Part of the reason for that difference may be that White women are almost 5 times more likely than Black women to be referred for genetic counseling and testing, suggesting racial disparities in how some doctors refer patients for those services.
Genetic counseling and testing can identify those at high risk for developing breast cancer. It also can be used to personalize cancer prevention for individual patients, and it can guide treatment in those who have hereditary breast cancer caused by gene mutations. Hereditary forms of breast cancer-which account for 5-10 percent of breast cancer cases-affect Black and White women at about the same rates.
The new findings, published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, revealed that physicians believe Black women experience more barriers to genetic counseling and testing (2021; doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.01426). The doctors' self-reported practices with regard to counseling and testing for Black women also indicated that many believed Black women would be less likely to comply with recommendations for genetic counseling and testing.
"For breast cancer patients with genetic mutations, the treatment is different; the surgical options are different; the screening and surveillance going forward is very different-so it's important to identify those patients through genetic counseling and testing services," said first author Foluso O. Ademuyiwa, MD, Associate Professor of Medical Oncology at WUSM. "We wanted to learn why Black women are not being referred for this type of care as frequently. We hope these findings might help change that trajectory. We hope that Black women won't continue to be less likely to receive information and referrals that may help save their lives and even the lives of some of their family members."
Study Details
The researchers surveyed 277 cancer doctors around the country to learn why referrals are made so much less frequently for Black women. Of the doctors surveyed, 67 percent were White, less than 4 percent were Black, almost 59 percent were female, and almost 62 percent practiced at academic medical centers.
Although fewer than 2 percent of doctors surveyed said they were less likely to refer a Black patient than a White patient, other research has found that Black patients are being referred for genetic counseling and testing less than 60 percent of the time that such testing is recommended by National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. That compares with a referral rate of 93 percent for White patients.
Ademuyiwa and her colleagues asked doctors whether they believed Black patients were more likely than White patients to refuse genetic counseling and testing. Almost 26 percent said yes. Another 46 percent of respondents cited cost as a barrier for Black patients and a potential reason not to refer. Almost 59 percent said their Black patients were less likely to trust their doctors' diagnoses and referrals than White patients were.
"The survey indicated that 14 percent of physicians felt their patients, in general-regardless of race-probably would not follow through with genetic testing and counseling recommendations," said Ademuyiwa, who treats patients at Siteman Cancer Center at WUSM and Barnes-Jewish Hospital. "But more than twice as many, 31 percent, thought their Black patients would be less likely than White patients to comply with their recommendations for genetic counseling and testing. We feel there is some bias here, and we want to understand how we as physicians can do better in closing this gap."
Women with mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a 55-85 percent chance of developing breast cancer during their lifetimes, but several studies have shown that doctors do not refer many of their patients for counseling and testing that could identify those mutations and help guide their treatment.
One issue, Ademuyiwa said, is time. In 30 minutes with a new patient, some doctors may prefer to focus on upcoming surgery or chemotherapy rather than discuss the pros and cons of genetic counseling and testing.
"In a prior study of 250 Black women with breast cancer in the St. Louis region, we found that among women who were eligible for genetic testing based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, only 60 percent had any testing done," said Laura Jean Bierut, MD, the Alumni Endowed Professor of Psychiatry and the study's senior author. "Why were 40 percent of these women not referred? It's important to learn why so many patients may not get access to these services."
Data also suggest Black patients are more comfortable working with providers of the same race, but only about 3 percent of U.S. oncologists are Black. Based on the results of the new survey, Ademuyiwa and her colleagues are launching a pilot study at Siteman Cancer Center. Facilitators will be matched with patients of the same race and will perform in-person genetic screens of such patients. The facilitators then will share information from the screenings-including family histories and other pertinent details-with treating physicians to see whether this strategy might increase rates of referrals to genetic counseling and testing.
"We want doctors to check themselves, to take stock of what they have been doing and to take a little more time to make sure they are referring patients eligible for genetic counseling and testing," Ademuyiwa said. "Correctly referring women, regardless of their skin color, is very important and can improve survival for breast cancer patients of all colors in a very real way."