Wegner LM, Reed M: Language-based learning disorders. Pediatric Ann 2005;34(4):300-9.
Language-based learning disabilities affect reading and written expression. Current estimates suspect over 10 million children have a "reading disability", and less than 10% of teachers are prepared to address multiple types of reading disabilities. Recent functional imaging studies are beginning to identify some neural pathways in the left posterior visual cortex, parieto-temporal region, and Broca's area. Assessment requires developmental surveillance and screening using standardized instruments. Learning to read requires a series of sequential and additive tasks including recognizing sounds, processing speed, short-term verbal memory, working memory, decoding, and attention. Assessment can require a team approach to rule out other medical or developmental issues, and intervention is often diffuse and unstructured. Interventions include tutoring, computer technology, classroom accommodations, and some specific help with phonologic processing and overarching concepts.