MUSC Hollings Cancer Center researchers identified that blocking an alternative energy pathway for T cells after hematopoietic stem cell transplant helps reduce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in an animal model of leukemia.
Xue-Zhong Yu, MD, Associate Director of Basic Science at Hollings, and collaborators at the Indiana University School of Medicine discovered that donor T cells must have the key enzyme lysosomal acid lipase in order to induce GVHD.
The Yu laboratory focuses on understanding the biological balance between GVHD and graft-versus-leukemia effect. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is used as a treatment option for some leukemia patients. T cells in stem cell grafts from a donor are given to a leukemia patient in order to kill the cancer and reboot the patient's immune system. GVHD is a big clinical challenge because the donor T cells, which come from the bone marrow, can attack the patient's organs. Anywhere from 30 percent to 70 percent of patients develop acute GVHD after allogeneic bone marrow transplant and 15 percent die.
"When we deal with hematopoietic cell transplant, it is an important balance-blocking GVHD while still allowing T cells to do their job and control the cancer," Yu said.
Each cell in the body has its own metabolic process. Cells convert the food that is eaten into energy in order to perform their intended functions. However, cellular metabolism is often altered in various diseases. Yu researches T-cell metabolism to better understand the balance between graft-versus-host and graft-versus-leukemia responses.
Most cells in our body require oxygen to create energy efficiently. However, this research focused on lipid metabolism. T cells have special metabolic processes. Sometimes they multiply so rapidly that they need an extra source of energy from free fatty acids.
Lysosomal acid lipase is an enzyme that breaks the large lipids and cholesterol into individual free fatty acid building blocks. If that enzyme is missing, there are not enough free fatty acids for energy production. This changes the T-cell metabolism, which in turn changes T-cell function.
Clinically, broad spectrum immunosuppression drugs (steroids and rapamycin) are still used as the first line of care in patients with severe GVHD. However, Yu and collaborators hypothesized that changing T-cell metabolism could reduce GVHD after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
"We know that the gut is the primary organ affected by GVHD. Since the gut has less oxygen, the T cells rely on free fatty acids and must use lysosomal acid lipase. We thought if we could remove or block the activity of that, we could reduce GVHD in the gut."
Study Details
The Yu Laboratory collaborated with the Indiana University School of Medicine and used a lysosomal acid lipase-deficient mouse model. T cells lacking lysosomal acid lipase were given to mice with leukemia. As a control, T cells with lysosomal acid lipase from normal mice were given to another group of leukemia mice. Strikingly, the mice that received the T cells without lysosomal acid lipase did not get severe GVHD. Additionally, the T cells from the donor lysosomal acid lipase-deficient bone marrow still killed the leukemia cells.
To increase the clinical translational potential of the work, orlistat, the FDA-approved lysosomal acid lipase inhibitor, was also tested in the leukemia model. Mice with leukemia were treated with orlistat every other day after receiving bone marrow from normal mouse donors. Similar to the first experiment with the lysosomal acid lipase-deficient bone marrow, blocking the activity of lysosomal acid lipase with orlistat greatly reduced GVHD while the graft-versus-leukemia effect was preserved.
Additionally, the researchers discovered that inhibiting the lysosomal acid lipase enzyme with orlistat reduced the number of pathogenic T cells and increased the number of regulatory T cells. The pathogenic T cells are the ones that cause GVHD. Regulatory T cells are one of the "braking mechanisms" of the immune system. They help to reduce the activity of the pathogenic T cells and prevent GVHD damage.
Therefore, blocking lysosomal acid lipase activity with orlistat preferentially stopped the donor T cells from damaging the gut, but allowed the T cells to function during circulation and kill the leukemia cells.
The researchers' future plan is to look deeper at the biological mechanisms. For example, it is not clear how the loss or inhibition of lysosomal acid lipase affects the other metabolites in T cells. To move this finding closer to the clinic, Yu explained that human cells can be used in a special mouse model that recreates the human immune environment.
"Looking at the immune cells in the gut was technically challenging. However, the results were exciting because our hypothesis was validated. These results encourage us to continue studying this in order to provide better treatment options to patients."