CHICAGO-Targeted, high-dose radiation could be an effective and safe option for men with oligometastatic prostate cancer who want to put off hormone-suppression therapy, according to findings of the ORIOLE phase II trial, presented at the 2019 ASTRO Annual Meeting.
Researchers at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine told the conference that radiation therapy can generate an immune response not previously believed possible in this type of cancer. High-dose radiation has been shown to be safe and effective for men with localized or non-metastatic prostate cancer. But for those whose cancer returns after treatment and has spread to a limited number of other parts of the body, they have been considered incurable.
"Single-institution studies and limited prospective data have recently suggested that high-dose, targeted radiation may be effective for men whose prostate cancer had spread, and now these ORIOLE randomized data confirm those observations," explained Ryan Phillips, MD, PhD, Chief Resident in Radiation Oncology at Johns Hopkins and lead author on the study.
Study Details
In the ORIOLE trial, 54 men whose cancer had spread to a limited number of sites beyond the prostate after treatment with surgery or radiation were randomized and placed into one of two arms: an observation group who received no further treatment.
After 6 months of treatment, individuals in the SABR group where treatment was targeted at metastatic sites were significantly less likely to have elevated PSA levels, and they lived significantly longer without any detectable disease progression than did their counterparts who received no additional treatment. At 6 months, 19 percent of SABR patients saw their disease progress, compared to 61 percent of those in the observation arm (p=0.005). The median progression-free survival time for those in the observation arm was 5.8 months (HR 0.30, p=0.002), whereas more than half of the patients in the SABR-treated arm were still progression-free more than a year after treatment.
"ORIOLE provides additional randomized trial data to support what previous studies have been suggesting," said Phillips. "Compared to retrospective reports, our study provides a higher level of evidence that SABR benefits these patients (as compared to observation for 6 months) because we can see how the patients who didn't get SABR did in comparison."
The ORIOLE trial, only the second randomized clinical trial to report findings on SABR for oligometastatic prostate cancer, has also shed light on what happens to the immune system when the disease is treated with high-dose radiation therapy.
The research team looked at blood cells sampled before radiation therapy and 90 days after treatment. They found "significant, measurable changes" in the T cells of patients on the SABR arm, but no change in the T cells of those in the observation arm.
"The magnitude of change in the immune system response was similar to what you see after a vaccination," noted Phillips, suggesting that radiation may spark the immune system to more aggressively fight the cancer.
"This is the first bit of evidence that I'm aware of showing that SABR can induce a systemic immune response in patients with prostate cancer," said Phuoc Tran, MD, PhD, principal investigator of the trial and an Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center. "Other studies have made similar observations, but these are probably the most robust, sensitive, and controlled observations that SABR can excite a systemic immune response.
"Cancer of the prostate is a tumor that does not typically incite a response from the immune system, so seeing this response is exciting," he added. "There is still much work to be done to understand how radiation and the immune system interact."
Using a sophisticated type of imaging largely accessible only to research institutions, the study also shed light on how high-dose radiation therapy may alter the course of prostate cancer spread or metastasis.
Typically, metastatic prostate cancer lesions are detected using conventional imaging technologies such as bone scans, MRIs, and/or CT scans. The ORIOLE trial used these conventional imaging techniques to identify patients eligible for their study (eligibility was based upon the detection of 1-3 metastatic lesions), but also made use of a more sensitive, advanced imaging technology known as a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET scan. This scan detects proteins that are overexpressed in prostate cancer and can reveal the presence of otherwise undetectable tumor growth.
Patients randomized to the SABR arm (n=36) received radiation to all lesions detected by conventional imaging. However, they also underwent PSMA PET scans prior to and 180 days after treatment. The results of those scans were not made available to the physicians developing their treatment plans; they were used only for further analysis and comparison of cancer growth.
According to Phillips, what they showed was that patients with no additional untreated lesions detected by the PSMA PET scan at baseline (a state referred to as total consolidation) were significantly less likely to develop new metastatic lesions at 6 months (16 percent vs. 63 percent, p=0.006) than those whose PSMA PET scan showed at least one additional lesion at baseline (a state referred to as subtotal consolidation). Patients with total consolidation of lesions also had significantly better (4.8 times greater) progression-free survival than patients whose PSMA PET scans showed additional lesions.
What this suggests, said Tran, is that the high-dose radiation treatments are not just destroying the tumors targeted by SABR, but they are changing the course of metastatic disease.
"Importantly, patients with subtotal consolidation had more new lesions," he said. "It isn't just that the untreated lesions are continuing to grow. This phenomenon suggests that treating macroscopic metastatic disease alters the natural history of the disease; that existing macroscopic metastases can influence the non-visible or microscopic disease development into new visible metastases."
Currently, PSMA PET scans are not widely available for physicians to use in treatment planning, said Phillips, but this study should add to the growing body of evidence of their usefulness. "That extra imaging information gave us extra power to prevent disease progression and new metastases," he noted. "In our experience, these scans add to our ability to control the disease."
Finally, the trial also analyzed circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) using an ultra-sensitive liquid biopsy test developed by Max Diehn, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology at Stanford University. Using ctDNA, the group identified a specific mutational signature that predicted which men most benefited from SABR.
"There is now accumulating evidence that SABR is effective for patients with oligometastatic disease, but there are currently no biomarkers that help us to determine who benefits most from this treatment. Our findings represent the first molecular marker that may predict a benefit of SABR in patients with oligometastatic disease. If additional validation of this mutational signature bears out in other cohorts, then we could potentially use it to personalize which patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer should receive SABR," Diehn concluded.
Kurt Samson is a contributing writer.