Patients with breast cancer may have an increased incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF), according to researchers. A retrospective study in Denmark has found that women with breast cancer have an increased risk of developing AF within 3 years following their cancer diagnosis compared with other women of the same age (Heart Rhythm 2019; doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.10.017). Investigators hypothesized that patients with breast cancer may have a lower threshold for developing AF as breast cancer induces inflammation, a known risk factor for AF.
"Modern treatment regimens ensure that approximately 80 percent of breast cancer patients become long-term survivors," explained lead investigator Maria D'Souza, MD, of the Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Cardiology Department, Hellerup, Denmark. "Healthy survivorship can be threatened, however, by long-term complications resulting from both the cancer and related treatments. Notably, increased frequencies of cardiovascular disease, especially heart failure and ischemic heart disease, have been observed in survivors. We hypothesized that women with breast cancer could also be more prone to developing AF because breast cancer induces inflammation."
Study Details
Using nationwide registries in Denmark, investigators analyzed the long-term incidence of AF in patients with breast cancer compared with the general population. They identified patients diagnosed with breast cancer between 1998 and 2015 and then matched 74,155 female breast cancer patients according to age and sex with 222,465 individuals from the general population (ratio 1:3). Long-term incidence of AF was estimated by cumulative incidence curves and multivariable Cox regression models.
The investigators found that female patients with breast cancer had an increased risk of AF, and that the risk was dependent on age and time since diagnosis. Patients less than 60 years old had a more than doubled risk in the first 6 months after diagnosis and an 80 percent higher risk from 6 months to 3 years after their diagnosis. Patients over 60 years old had a similar risk to the general population during the first 6 months but had a 14 percent increased risk from 6 months to 3 years after diagnosis.
"This study was the first to show that women with recent breast cancer had an increased risk of developing AF. Our findings should encourage doctors to focus on the risk of AF in patients with recent breast cancer in order to diagnose and treat as early as possible, and researchers to search for increased risk of AF looking at the cancer itself, treatment, genetic predisposition, and shared lifestyle risk factors," said D'Souza. "Ultimately, earlier treatment may result in better stroke prevention."
In an accompanying editorial, Ankur Karnik, MD, of the Evans Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Boston University School of Medicine, and colleagues commented that this study provides valuable insights from a large nationwide cohort with results generalizable to women of European ancestry. However, they caution that there are several factors to be considered when interpreting the results. Follow-up was only 3 years, which may be too short a time for the cardiotoxic effects of breast cancer treatment to fully manifest. The multivariable Cox regression model used in the study did not account for competing risk of death-the 3-year mortality risk was larger than the risk of AF in both groups.
The study does however suggest several substantive research questions. Can the risk of AF in patients with breast cancer be explained by shared risk factors? Is it a multiple-hit phenomenon in which a pro-inflammatory state and breast cancer treatments add insult to injury? Are there certain chemotherapeutic regimens or cumulative radiation doses that raise AF risk? Are there subsets of women with breast cancer at sufficient risk for AF who may merit more intensive monitoring?
"While we do not consider broad-based monitoring for AF in women with breast cancer is warranted at this time, the work of D'Souza, et al, is a contribution to the burgeoning field of cardio-oncology and provides support for further research into the potentially bidirectional relationship between cancer and AF," noted Karnik
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