Patients with the most common type of liver cancer who are taking the chemotherapy drug sorafenib can begin their treatment with a lower dose than is currently considered standard, and it will not affect how long they live when compared to patients who start on the full dose. That finding comes from a new study from the Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, published this week in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, and it opens the door for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma to begin with a reduced dose of sorafenib, which helps to minimize the drug's side effects while also saving money for patients, providers, and insurers (2017; https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.73.8245).
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer among adults and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Currently, sorafenib is the only first-line treatment approved for HCC by the FDA, but its side effects can be particularly difficult on patients. A recent study found 85 percent of HCC patients taking the drug experienced adverse events. In 31 percent of patients on that study, the effects were severe enough to stop treatment. The standard dose sorafenib is 400 mg, twice per day.
"Previous studies have started patients with half that dose, escalating only after the patients show they can handle it, but those studies have all been on a smaller scale," said the study's lead author Kim A. Reiss, MD, Assistant Professor of Hematology Oncology in the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. "We wanted to see if we could reproduce those results using a much larger cohort of patients."
Study Details
Reiss and her team used a Veterans Health Administration database and identified almost 5,000 HCC patients who were treated with sorafenib between 2006 and 2015, but they couldn't do a side-by-side analysis of those who received a reduced dose versus those who received the full amount.
"One of the challenges that we faced was that the sickest patients tended to get the reduced dose because of concerns over how much they could tolerate, so any attempt to evaluate these groups based on how long they lived was skewed," Reiss explained.
To solve that problem, researchers looked at patient information to match people from each group based on disease stage, overall health, and other factors. That left them with two groups, each with 1,675 patients.
"Essentially, we used a computer model to simulate putting these patients into a randomized, controlled clinical trial," stated senior author David E. Kaplan, MD, MSc, Assistant Professor of Gastroenterology and Associate Professor of Medicine at the Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center in Philadelphia.
The controlled data showed the reduced dose had no effect on overall survival. Patients starting at a lower dose had a median survival of 198 days, compared to 195 days for patients starting at the full dose.
In addition, about 40 percent of patients receiving the reduced dose escalated the drug amount within the first 2 months, while almost 12 percent of standard dose patients had to reduce their level within the same time period.
"It's important to remember that the reduced dose patients will ramp up as they show they can handle it, while the full dose patients may have to ramp down because of these toxicities, so the dosage levels will converge in the middle," Reiss noted. "All of the patients get the treatment they need, but the reduced-dose approach helps keep cost and toxicities down."
The cost saving was significant. The study found the reduced dose patients took an average of about 100 fewer pills over the course of their treatment. That translated to an average savings of about $3,000 per patient. Reiss noted those numbers are based on VA prices, which tend to be lower than other centers, meaning the real savings for many patients could be even larger.
The researchers noted that some doctors are already making use of this practice, which is why they were able to identify so many reduced dose patients for this study, but the majority of physicians are still starting with the full dose.
"Our data suggest starting at a reduced dose is a safe strategy that can be used more commonly," Reiss concluded.
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