Keywords

chronic stroke, depressive symptoms, long-term rehabilitation, quality of life, social support

Authors

1. Taylor-Piliae, Ruth E. PhD, RN, FAHA
2. Hepworth, Joseph T. PhD
3. Coull, Bruce M. MD

Abstract

Background: Depression is a common yet often unrecognized consequence of stroke, affecting between 25% and 70% of all survivors. Untreated depression post-stroke leads to a poorer prognosis and increased mortality. However, the pattern and profile of post-stroke depression in chronic stroke are poorly understood.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the independent predictors of depressive symptoms in chronic stroke.

Methods: Community-dwelling stroke survivors (n = 100) completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Functional disability and cognitive impairment were assessed using standardized procedures. Multiple linear regression was conducted to explore potential independent predictors of depressive symptoms.

Results: Subjects were, on average, 70 +/- 10 years old and 39 +/- 49 months post-stroke. The majority were white/European-American (78%), college educated (79%), and retirees (77%). Annual income was $50 000 or greater for 32%. Hemiparesis was common (right side, 39%; left side, 42%); 35% had a Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale score of 16 or higher, and 21% had a history of major depression. Approximately 64% of the variance in depressive symptoms could be explained by the independent variables in the model: quality of life, sleep quality, social support, cognitive impairment, functional disability, months post-stroke, age, gender, history of major depression, and lesion location (R² = 0.64, F_12,87 = 12.97, P < .01). Only poor quality of life (t_1,87 = -6.99, P < .01) and low social support (t_1,87 = -2.14, P = .04) contributed uniquely and significantly to the severity of depressive symptoms among these stroke survivors.

Conclusion: Depressive symptoms are prevalent in chronic stroke survivors, even among an educated and economically advantaged population. Our findings are similar to reports by others that poor quality of life and low social support are major contributors to depressive symptoms in chronic stroke and should be routinely assessed and monitored to improve long-term rehabilitation efforts and promote wellness and community reintegration.