Abstract
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of the parenteral positive inotropes (dobutamine and milrinone) for short-term treatment of patients with acute, decompensated heart failure (HF). Despite the limited approved indication, parenteral, positive inotropes have been used clinically for long-term therapy to support the circulation as a bridge to transplant among patients waiting for an organ donor. The increasing number of patients with HF who are ineligible for transplant and the inadequate supply of donor organs have generated interest in the use of intermittent, parenteral positive inotropes for palliative therapy in patients with end-stage HF. Efforts by some clinicians to provide optimal symptomatic relief while controlling health care costs have produced a number of HF clinics that provide intermittent, parenteral inotropic therapy as a component of HF therapy. This article reviews the evidence for and against intermittent infusion of these agents in the ongoing care of people with end-stage HF who are not candidates for transplant. The available evidence indicates that intermittent positive inotropic infusion is associated with fewer HF symptoms, increased functional status, reduced health care costs, but also with increased mortality.