Researchers from the University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center and colleagues in Poland reported promising results from their ongoing ATLAS trial (Lancet Oncol 2023; doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00738-0).
The results of this study indicate that maintenance therapy with a combination of three drugs-carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (KRd)-may improve progression-free survival when compared to the current standard of single-agent lenalidomide treatment in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who have undergone initial induction treatment followed by autologous stem cell transplantation.
ATLAS Phase III Trial
The ATLAS trial is an investigator-initiated, open-label, randomized, Phase III clinical study conducted at 12 academic and clinical centers in the United States and Poland. Between June 10, 2016, and October 21, 2020, the study enrolled 180 patients who were randomly assigned to receive either KRd or lenalidomide alone. The key eligibility criteria included the completion of transplantation after any initial pre-transplantation therapy with no progression within 12 months from initiation of pre-transplantation therapy.
The KRd arm received either 8 or 36 cycles of KRd treatment based on minimal residual disease (MRD) status-the amount of cancer cells that remain in the body during or after treatment-and the presence or absence of disease risks for progression. Patients who had standard risk disease and achieved MRD-negativity at the end of 6 cycles of KRd maintenance received a total of 8 cycles of KRd followed by lenalidomide maintenance. The remaining patients continued KRd for 36 cycles followed by lenalidomide maintenance.
The primary endpoint of the study was progression-free survival, and the secondary endpoints included MRD-negativity rates, safety, and tolerability. The study was coordinated by the University of Chicago in collaboration with investigators from the Polish Myeloma Consortium led by the first author of the report Dominik Dytfeld, MD, PhD.
After a median follow-up of 33.8 months, median progression-free survival for the KRd arm was 59.1 months compared to 41.6 months for the lenalidomide arm, which represents a 49 percent reduction in the risk of progression or death. This risk reduction was observed despite a shorter duration (8 cycles) of KRd treatment in 44 percent of patients on the KRd arm with standard risk and MRD-negativity after Cycle 6.
The improvement of progression-free survival was associated with a higher rate of MRD-negativity in the KRd arm compared to the lenalidomide arm after 6 cycles (53% vs. 31%). As expected, patients in the KRd-treated arm experienced higher rates of toxicity, but the differences did not translate into higher rates of treatment discontinuation or dose reductions, according to the authors. Based on these results, investigators concluded that MRD- and risk-adapted KRd can be considered as a new option for post-transplant maintenance in newly diagnosed myeloma.
Overall, the efficacy and toxicity results of this study indicate a favorable therapeutic index, making KRd a compelling consideration for post-transplant treatment after autologous stem-cell transplantation, said Andrzej Jakubowiak, MD, PhD, Director of the Myeloma Program at the University of Chicago and overall principal investigator of the ATLAS study.
Some of the limitations of the study included the low number of patients in both arms (which was sufficient to evaluate progression-free survival, the primary endpoint of the study, but not the secondary outcomes), and the interim nature of the published analysis. Longer follow-up of the ATLAS study is required for confirmation of these results and to provide more information on the duration of MRD-negativity in both arms; outcome in the study subsets, including in high-risk patients; as well as on overall tolerability and overall survival, Jakubowiak noted.
Investigators noted that these interim results of the Phase III ATLAS trial are in line with the results of the Phase II FORTE trial published in 2021, where an improvement in progression-free survival in the maintenance phase of the trial was reported with an addition of carfilzomib to lenalidomide in comparison with lenalidomide alone in patients who completed initial therapy with carfilzomib-based induction followed by transplant and consolidation or extended KRd induction with deferred transplant. Post-transplant treatment strategies are currently intensively evaluated in several ongoing randomized trials.